Empowerment is a broader term which is achieved by both men and women themselves through their own effort. It facilitates them to achieve collective strength. Women empowerment specifically brings attention on the all round development and emancipation of women in social, economic and political level. The women's movement has been progressed through different wave of feminism and different ideological phenomenon of feminism. During the period of 1960s- to 80s, women empowerment notion became popular in the sphere of development and capacity building. Unorganized five international conferences namely Mexico (1974), Copenhagen (1980), Nairobi (1985) and Beijing (1995) on women empowerment and humanitarian approach. The twelve thrust areas of Beijing conference fully played significant role in enforcing women empowerment in global level as well as national level of Indian context. The Convention on Elimination of all forms of Discrimination against Women (CEDAW) was another effort at the international level for women empowerment. It had great impact in the field of protecting women from different violence. The UN Millennium Development Goals (MDGs), focused on fulfilment of urgent need of women. The Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) relate to women's economic empowerment and commits all governments to take actions to 'achieve gender equality and empower all women and girls'. The Women's Empowerment Principles (WEPs) establishes high level corporate leadership for gender equality. At the national level, India is taking various initiatives for empowerment of women both at policy and program level. Besides that various kinds of women specific acts and laws have been passed for the women empowerment.

Rural people comprise the vast majority of the population in the developing world and virtually all of them need development that is inclusive. In the poorest and least developed countries more than 90% of the population live in rural areas. South Asia has some of the most densely populated rural areas of the world. No problem is of greater concern in the world today than the poverty. The economic gap between the rich and poor nations is one dimension of this problem. The gap between the urban and rural areas is another and the gaps within the rural areas are yet another. Attacking poverty is at the level of providing food security and not giving access to resources or power or breaking the chains of inequalities and exploitation. Here inclusive rural development assumes the significance. But this should be different from existing notions of rural development. An inclusive view of rural development was reflected in the UN second development decade goals. It equates rural development with the far reaching transformation of the social and economic structures, institutions, relationships and processes in any rural area. It conceives the goals of rural development not simply as agricultural and economic growth in the narrow sense but as balanced social and economic development, with emphasis on equitable distribution as well as creation of benefits. Among the goals are the generation of new employment; more equitable access to arable land; more equitable distribution of income; widespread improvements in health, nutrition and housing; greatly broadened opportunities for all individuals to realise their full potential through education; and a strong voice for all rural people in shaping the decisions and actions that affect their lives. These, of course, are long-range goals, but they provide the guidelines for shorter-range actions and the framework for rural development strategies. (Coombs: 1974)

Developed nations are reaping both the utility and commercial advantages of education and continued research. They are successful in market utlisation of the research in terms of enriching academics, skilled labour force and towards more productive production process. With transfer of technology and fewer restrictions on movement of capital we now find developing and underdeveloped nations adopt similar line of production process in a gap of few years. Nevertheless rewards for copyrights, intellectual property rights are add on to the return on investment which is shared across as per law. Most of the India is still confused whether pursuing education is for enhancement of the decision making to better quality of life or merely for job purpose. The acceptable parameter worldwide is that education helps better decision making in life.
Introduction of machines, high yielding seeds and provisioning of capital is yielding production per acre. It is also reflected in higher growth of productivity of labour ofcourse at the cost of replacing a large labour pool worldwide. In short world needs multi-tasked well informed and skilled labour that can handle the modern capital and contribute to production with minimal wastages. Product and service standardization make it easier. A new force of artificial intelligence and predictability with real time data and efficiency in machines and sales are competing with humans for employment. This paper explores dynamism in linking employment to higher education and culture of research in higher education and to read the actual value addition to students' life and generating a thought in opportunity cost in education.

Role of agriculture in economy of the state is important for its contribution to the state income around 15% to our Gross Domestic Product (GDP). Agriculture not only provides food to its population but also provides employment opportunities to about 60% of the total workforce of the State. About 70% of our population is directly or indirectly engaged in agriculture. The state has a total geographical area of 155.71 lakh hectares of which total cultivated land is about 61.80 lakh hectares. The net area sown is about 53.31 lakh hectares which is 34% of the state geographical area.
Development being a multi dimensional process, its impact cant not be analyzed fully by any single indicator. More over individual analysis of a number of indicators cannot provide an integrated and easily understandable of picture of reality. Thus there is need for construction of composite index of development based on optimum combination of various indicator. Rice, the most important crop of Odisha and other important crops such as maize, wheat, ragi, greengram, blackgram, cowpea, redgram, pulses and oilseeds, groundnut, mustard, sunflower, sesamum, and castor(non edible), with vegetable and sugarcane are taken into consideration for indicator variables of agricultural development in the state. Gross cropped area, fertilizer consumption and irrigated area also affect the agricultural development of the state. So these factors are also considered as important indicators for the agriculture development of odisha. Since the socio economy, physiographic, topographic and climatic conditions of the district of Odisha differ, the developmental indices are studied district wise. Thus objectives of the study is to find the Composite Indices of agricultural development of all districts of Odisha and ranking of the districts on the basis of Composite Indices of agricultural development.

The main objective of this research article is to explore the impacts of globalisation on gender empowerment. Here, the question addresses that how far globalisation as an economic process is gender neutral? Has it weakened patriarchy and created greater employment opportunities and greater equality for women? There is a need for an assessment and theoretical consideration from the feminist and socialist standpoint, since the bourgeois/ non-feminist scholarship makes invisible both the class and gender dimensions of the dynamics of power and capital distribution. More specifically, the paper attempts to trace how these policies have impacted on women's access to employment, their enjoyment of social rights and empowerment as far as globalisation and its impact on women at large is concerned.

Manipur was dragged into the Second World War in the form of the Battle of Imphal in 1944. The Battle of Imphal which broke out in 1944 was a part of the Burma Campaign of the British 14th Army against the Japanese 15th Army and the Indian National Army. The Battle of Imphal was considered as one of the greatest battles ever fought in the history of modern warfare. Manipur was turned into a battleground when the Japanese and the Indian National Army came and invaded Manipur, which was under the protection of the British from March to July in 1944. As a result of the Battle of Imphal, the whole of Manipur suffered to the extreme. Most of the people had no food to eat nor houses to shelter themselves. Food was rationed by the British who were in Manipur in order to supply to the armies that were fighting against the Japanese and the Indian National Army. The British also destroyed and burned local food storages after the villagers were evacuated so that the Japanese and the Indian National Army would not find any food as and when they enter these villages. The Japanese and the Indian National Army on the other hand sent out as many food foraging parties to as many villages they could in order to supply themselves since they received no food supply from during the Battle from the captured villages. Houses were also requisitioned by both the opposing armies. The situation became worst when the Battle ended because the villagers could not cultivate their fields during and immediately after the Battle which resulted in famine like situation in most of the villages. Many villages that were destroyed during the Battle could not even find timber or thatch to re-establish their villages again. In addition to that, the British were still requisitioning houses even after the Battle ended because they were planning to attack and recapture Burma which had fallen to the Japanese in 1942. All these factors had a great consequence to the people of Manipur.

The study of criminal offending has long been excluding women behaviour from theory and research. Women offenders have been ignored and seen as abnormal as they not only violate the laws but also the gender norms. To add, the criminal justice system developed keeping male offender as the yardstick. Although as per reports, women offenders are less in number compared to males; the number of incarcerated women continues to increase today. While much has changed, much has remained the same; even today female prisoners are viewed as a doubly deviant woman and thereby face multiple marginality. Also, the institutions like Police are masculine in nature and the Prison which are supposed to reform the offenders are found to be inadequate in terms of specific women needs. Also, women in general who tend to face gender violence throughout their lives, often end up becoming subjects of disproportionate violence compounded with issues like groping while body searches, sexual assault, etc, when in prison. Apart from these, the existing rehabilitative courses for women prisoners tend to remain outdated and monotonous and lacks innovations. In recent years, however, there has been raising awareness about the women's experience with the criminal justice system. The profile and background of women in prison differ significantly from those of men, as well as their experiences. Thus, it is important that the criminal justice system considers the different needs of the women prisoners by employing a gender perspective to look into female offending, its context and pattern thereby evaluating the criminal justice system and its treatment of men and women as criminal offenders.
Therefore, the objectives of the paper are firstly, to study the female offending, its patterns and characteristics of the crimes committed. Secondly the paper will delineate the problems of women prisoners inside the prison. The paper would also try to address the continuum of violence that women come across within the criminal justice system. Also, it will suggest necessary measures to rehabilitate women prisoners by developing gender-specific programming for women. Thus, understanding the nuances of the female offending and the problems faced by women prisoners while interacting with the justice system would make the justice system inclusive and thus, serve the purpose of gender sensitivity.

The coming of the British in the mainstream politics of Assam had influence the status of women and the society as a whole. In the medieval period, though the society was patriarchal in character but due to the prevalence of tribal outlook, women's enjoyed certain amount of freedom in the society. Despite the fact of having better status in the society as compared to other parts of India, their position was still subordinate and therefore they were severely discriminated in various fields. However after the colonial intervention and the advent of western education, the scenario of Assamese society witnessed lot of changes. The educational experiment of the late 19th century produced a new class of women as well as men intelligentsia who helped in the development of the status of women in the society. Women, along with male intelligentsia protested against the prevailing evil condition in the society such as female infanticide, child marriage etc. The British penetration in Assam and the introduction of western culture created a new condition and thus towards the end of 19th century many women began to participate in public domain and nationalist campaign which provided them a political status in the society.

This paper explores impact of demonetization on employment scenario in India particularly informal sector employment. In India, more than 90 percent people are employed in the informal sector and majority of wage payments to this sector are in cash form. Statistically, more than 95% of total transactions were in cash form (Live Mint, January, 01, 2017). Given the nature of huge informal employment, the decision to demonetize currency overnight changed the labour market dynamics significantly by rendering millions of workers exposed to increased uncertainties in employment. Findings of the study suggest that demonetization was the prime cause of the income and employment slowdown. Sales of large equipment and machinery in rural areas fell down considerably cutting down jobs in the face of note ban.

This paper explores impact of demonetization on employment scenario in India particularly informal sector employment. In India, more than 90 percent people are employed in the informal sector and majority of wage payments to this sector are in cash form. Statistically, more than 95% of total transactions were in cash form (Live Mint, January, 01, 2017). Given the nature of huge informal employment, the decision to demonetize currency overnight changed the labour market dynamics significantly by rendering millions of workers exposed to increased uncertainties in employment. Findings of the study suggest that demonetization was the prime cause of the income and employment slowdown. Sales of large equipment and machinery in rural areas fell down considerably cutting down jobs in the face of note ban.